22^nd Canada Meetings on Radiology & Novel Cancer Therapies June 12-13, 2019 Montreal,Canada

\  

\ <p style="\\&quot;text-align:" justify;\\"="">A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. A use of biomarkers in cancer research is developing drug targets and Surrogate endpoints.While numerous challenges exist in translating biomarker research into the clinical space; a number of gene and protein based biomarkers have already been used at some point in patient care; including, Liver Cancer, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia BRCA1 / BRCA2 (Breast/Ovarian Cancer), Melanoma/Colorectal Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Pancreatic Cancer

\ \\

\ \\ Types of cancer biomarkers

\ \\

\ \\\
• \ \\ Breast
\ \\\
• \ \\ Colorectal
\ \\\
• \ \\ Leukemia/Lymphoma
\ \\\
• \ \\ Gastric
\ \\\
• \ \\ Lung
\ \\\
• \ \\ Melanoma
\ \\\
• \ \\ Pancreas
\ \\\

\ \\

\ \\ In cancer research, biomarkers are used in three primary ways

\ \\

\ \\\
• \ \\ To help diagnose conditions, as in the case of identifying early stage cancers (Diagnostic)
\ \\\
• \ \\ To forecast how aggressive a condition is, as in the case of determining a patient's ability to fare in the absence of treatment.
\ \\\
• \ \\ To predict how well a patient will respond to treatment.
\ \\\

\ \\

Radiation accidents involve medical uses have accounted for more acute radiation deaths than any other source. Radiation accidents take place due to lack of alertness and Awareness, lack of procedures and checks, lack of qualified and well-trained staff. Prevention of accidents in radiotherapy involves applying several layers of preventive actions, addressing this issue at several levels like Application of safety-technology and procedures.

Radiation therapy is applied to the cancer tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue leading to cellular death. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue. Besides the tumor itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radio logically involved with tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of subclinical malignant spread. It is necessary to include a margin of normal tissue around the tumor to allow for uncertainties in daily set-up and internal tumor motion. These uncertainties can be caused by internal movement (for example, respiration and bladder filling) and movement of external skin marks relative to the tumor position.

Cancer medical specialty is a knowledge base branch of biology that's involved with understanding the role of the system within the progression and development of cancer; the foremost well-known application is cancer therapy that utilises the system as a treatment for cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting are supported protection against development of tumors in animal systems and identification of targets for immune recognition of human cancer. Cancer medical specialty is a knowledge base branch of biology involved with the role of the system within the progression and development of cancer the foremost well-known application is cancer therapy, wherever the system is employed to treat cancer.

Resistance towards the cancer drugs is a  challenge is a big issue today. Researchers are making progress on that.no cancer treatment is 100% effective against cancers. But the resistance of cancer drugs results from a variety of factors like somatic cell differences in tumors. most common reason for resistance of anticancer drugs is an expression of one or more energy-dependent transporters that detect and eject anticancer drugs from cells, but other mechanisms of resistance including insensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis and induction of drug-detoxifying mechanisms probably play an important role in acquired anticancer drug resistance.
Vaccines or vaccinations are medicines that help the immune system to recognize and destroy the cancer cells. Most of the cancer vaccine work in a same way to treat the cancer. Cancer treatment vaccines are different from vaccines that work against the viruses. Different types of cancer vaccines are Antigen vaccine, Whole-cell vaccine, dendritic cell vaccines, DNA Vaccines, anti-idiotype vaccine.There are other types of cancer vaccines that are under clinical trials not yet approved in the US to treat cancer

\ Cancer treatment can be done by many ways. Now a days many treatment is using , some of theme are folowing.

\ Surgery: When used to treat cancer, surgery is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from your body.

\ Radiation Therapy; Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones you might have, and more.

\ Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn how chemotherapy works against cancer, why it causes side effects, and how it is used with other cancer treatments.

\ Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. Get information about the types of immunotherapy and what you can expect during treatment

\ Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against cancer and about common side effects that may occur.

\
\ Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow. Learn about the types of hormone therapy and side effects that may happen.

\ Stem Cell Transplant: Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in cancer patients who have had theirs destroyed by very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Learn about the types of transplants, side effects that may occur, and how stem cell transplants are used in cancer treatment.

Tumour immunology describes the interaction between cells of the immune system with tumour cells. Understanding these interactions is important for the development of new therapies for cancer treatment. The existence of specific anti-tumor immunity implies that tumors must express antigens that are recognized as foreign by the host. The earliest classification of tumor antigens was based on their patterns of expression. Antigens that are expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells are called tumor-specific antigens; some of these antigens are unique to individual tumors, whereas others are shared among tumors of the same type

1. Products of Mutated Genes
2. Abnormally Expressed but Unmutated Cellular Proteins
3. Antigens of Oncogenic Viruses
4. Oncofetal Antigens
5. Altered Glycolipid and Glycoprotein Antigens
6. Tissue-Specific Differentiation Antigens

Immune Responses to Tumors

1. T Lymphocytes
2. Antibody
3. Natural Killer Cell
4. Macrophages

Immunotherapy for Tumors

The main reason for interest in an immunologic approach is that most current therapies for cancer rely on drugs that kill dividing cells or block cell division, and these treatments have harmful effects on normal proliferating cells. As a result, the treatment of cancers causes significant morbidity and mortality. Immune responses to tumors may be specific for tumor antigens and will not injure most of the normal cells. Therefore, immunotherapy has the potential of being the most tumor-specific treatment that can be devised.

An imaging test is just a way to check what is going inside the body. Imaging test is done for early detection of cancer.This may be called Cancer Screening Test. Imaging is done to check whether tumor (rapid growth of abnormal tissues) is happened due to cancer or other diseases. Few Imaging Tests are given

Computed tomography (CT) scan: It is a diagnostic imaging test used to create detailed images of internal bones, soft tissues, blood vessels, organs. CT Scan is often the best method for detecting many different types of cancers and confirm its presence of a tumor & determine its size & location.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: MRI is a type of Scanning technique where strong magnetic fields and radio waves are used to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It can be used to examine almost any part of the body.

Ultrasound: Ultrasound is a type of Scanning technique where sound waves are used to produce images inside of the body. It is also used for biopsies, heart diseases, examine a baby in pregnant women. It is safe, does not use ionizing radiation.X-rays and other radiographic tests: X ray tests helps doctors to detect cancer in different parts of body including stomach, kidneys as well as bones. It is rapid, painless.

The field of Radiology has rapidly enhanced with few many features:

(a) The use of lead aprons certain drugs, improved patient positioning can reduce the radiation exposure during scanning.

(b) Ultrasound, this latest remote viewing systems not only monitor pregnancy but also used for echocardiograms, bone sonometry, and abdominal imaging. This latest systems can detect breast cancer as well as prostate cancer, liver, kidney, pancreatic & bladder.

(c) PET Scans, combined with CT to detect cancer much earlier with a broad clearer image which provides more information regarding patient rather than traditional scan.

(d) In the latest CT Angiography, the process is much faster, safer & less expensive. In new CT angiogram, the process take 10-25 minutes without all the risk. It can be used for arteries in the lungs, kidneys, arms and legs.

(e) Digital  Mammography has proven most effective in case of breast cancer diagnosis. A study has proven that digital mammogram are more accurate in detecting breast cancer in women aging under 50, premenopausal women.

A list of the radiology industry’s most recent achievements: Since its discovery in the 19th century, the field of radiology has rapidly grown to enhance treatment for millions of people. New technologies and better practices have made the field safer, less expensive, and more efficient. To celebrate the industry’s innovation, a list of the field’s most recent achievements has been compiled.

• Imaging Tests Instead of Exploratory Surgery
• Radiation Dose Reduction
• Ultrasound
• Remote Viewing Systems
• CT Angiography
• Digital Mammography
• PET Scans

Pediatric radiology (or pediatric radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology involving the imaging of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Many pediatric radiologists practice at children's hospitals. Pediatric radiology comes with many challenges. Unlike adults, children cannot always understand / comprehend a change of environment. Therefore, staffs are usually required to wear colorful uniforms, usually 'scrubs', as opposed to a normal hospital uniform. It is also important to recognize that when a child is unwell, they follow their instincts, which is usually to cry and stay close to their parents. This presents a huge challenge for the radiographer, who must try to gain the child's trust and gain their co-operation. Once co-operation has been achieved there is another big challenge of keeping the child still for their imaging test. This can be very difficult for children in a lot of pain. Coercion and support from parents is usually enough to achieve this, however, in some extreme cases (such as MRI and CT), it may be necessary to sedate the child.

Pediatric Radiology informs its readers of new findings and progress in all areas of pediatric imaging and in related fields. This is achieved by a blend of original papers, and reviews describing the present state of knowledge in a particular topic. Contents include advances in technology, methodology, apparatus and auxiliary equipment are presented, and modifications of standard techniques.

Radiation oncology is a medical speciality that involves the controlled use of radiation to treat cancer either for cure, or to reduce pain and other symptoms caused by cancer. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is the term used to describe the actual treatment delivered by the radiation oncology team.

The future of radiation oncology:
The technology used in radiation oncology is constantly improving. Recent advances have benefited many patients with cancer, resulting in higher cure rates, fewer side effects, shorter treatments and improved quality of life. New technology provides three-dimensional images of tumours that precisely target radiation beams to the cancer, limiting damage to important adjacent organs. Real-time imaging is in development which will enable treatment teams to compensate for tiny involuntary patient movements, such as breathing.

Radiation oncology is a medical speciality that involves the controlled use of radiation to treat cancer either for cure, or to reduce pain and other symptoms caused by cancer. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is the term used to describe the actual treatment delivered by the radiation oncology team.

The future of radiation oncology:
The technology used in radiation oncology is constantly improving. Recent advances have benefited many patients with cancer, resulting in higher cure rates, fewer side effects, shorter treatments and improved quality of life. New technology provides three-dimensional images of tumours that precisely target radiation beams to the cancer, limiting damage to important adjacent organs. Real-time imaging is in development which will enable treatment teams to compensate for tiny involuntary patient movements, such as breathing.